2021-12-16

Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Ambabari, Jaipur, India.; Department of Pharmacy I Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.; Department of Pharmacy I Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.; Department of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom Selangor, Malaysia.; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India.; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India.; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

One of the most remarkable results in 2019 is the reduced prevalence and death of children from coronavirus infection (COVID-19). In 2019, a worldwide pandemic impacted around 0.1 billion individuals, with over 3.5 million mortality reported in the literature. There is minimal knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 infection immunological responses in kids. Studies have been focused mostly on adults and children since the course of pediatric sickness is often short. In adults, severe COVID-19 is related to an excessive inflammatory reaction. Macrophages and monocytes are well known to contribute to this systemic response, although numerous lines are indicative of the importance of neutrophils. An increased number of neutrophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios are early signs of SARS-CoV-2 and a worse prognosis. In this study that it is crucial to monitor PAR2 and PAR4 expression and function (since nursing children have elevated levels) and the inhibiting the normal physiology through the use of

2021-04-21

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/AzitaTalasaz.; Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcome Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trials i Pujol, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Barcelona, Spain.; Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (Instituto de Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.; Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece.; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine and University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine and University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA.; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.; Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Electronic address: bbikdeli@bwh.harvard.edu.

Endothelial injury and microvascular/macrovascular thrombosis are common pathophysiological features of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, the optimal thromboprophylactic regimens remain unknown across the spectrum of illness severity of COVID-19. A variety of antithrombotic agents, doses, and durations of therapy are being assessed in ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focus on outpatients, hospitalized patients in medical wards, and patients critically ill with COVID-19. This paper provides a perspective of the ongoing or completed RCTs related to antithrombotic strategies used in COVID-19, the opportunities and challenges for the clinical trial enterprise, and areas of existing knowledge, as well as data gaps that may motivate the design of future RCTs.CI - Copyright © 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.