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2021-07-25
Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.; Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. entwdy@nus.edu.sg.; Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. entwdy@nus.edu.sg.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the complex interaction between host and viral factors have allowed clinicians to stratify the severity of COVID-19 infection. Epidemiological data has also helped to model viral carriage and infectivity. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the pathophysiology of COVID-19, the mechanisms of action of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the correlation with the clinical and biochemical characteristics of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors have emerged as a key player in the mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2. Their distribution throughout the body has been shown to impact the organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19. The immune-evasive and subsequently immunoregulative properties of SARS-CoV-2 are also shown to be implicated in disease proliferation and progression. Information gleaned from the virological properties of SARS-CoV-2 is consistent with and reflects the