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2021-12-12

National Influenza Center of Cambodia, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodgegrid.418537.c, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; World Health Organization Collaborating Center, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.; World Health Organization Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; World Health Organization Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; World Health Organization Collaborating Center, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.; World Health Organization Collaborating Center, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.; World Health Organization Collaborating Center, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventiongrid.416738.f, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; Centers for Disease Control and Preventiongrid.416738.f, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; World Health Organization Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventiongrid.416738.f, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; World Health Organization Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; National Influenza Center of Cambodia, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodgegrid.418537.c, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; Centers for Disease Control and Preventiongrid.416738.f, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.; World Health Organization Collaborating Center, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.; National Influenza Center of Cambodia, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodgegrid.418537.c, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Introduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control COVID-19 in early 2020 coincided with a global decrease in active influenza circulation. However, between July and November 2020, an influenza A(H3N2) epidemic occurred in Cambodia and in other neighboring countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion in Southeast Asia. We characterized the genetic and antigenic evolution of A(H3N2) in Cambodia and found that the 2020 epidemic comprised genetically and antigenically similar viruses of Clade3C2a1b/131K/94N, but they were distinct from the WHO recommended influenza A(H3N2) vaccine virus components for 2020-2021 Northern Hemisphere season. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple virus migration events between Cambodia and bordering countries, with Laos PDR and Vietnam also reporting similar A(H3N2) epidemics immediately following the Cambodia outbreak: however, there was limited circulation of these viruses elsewhere globally. In February 2021, a virus from the Cambodian outbreak

2021-11-17

Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia.; Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia.; Faculty of Architecture & Planning, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Khlong Nueng 12121, Thailand.; Lean Environmental, Apsley, ON K0L1A0, Canada.

The illegal trade of wildlife in SE Asia has been identified as the likely cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 198 papers on the current COVID pandemic in Cambodia, diseases such as avian influenza and Nipah virus, most likely to develop into a new pandemic in Cambodia, and common features of disease that require mitigation. Artisanal goldmining uses pure mercury in the areas where wildlife is smuggled to China. Moreover, 30-40% of Cambodians are zinc deficient. High levels of arsenic in irrigation water (>1000 µg/L) are associated with very low levels of zinc in rice (5 µg/g) and rice is the primary staple food for the region. Brown rice from nine of 15 paddy fields in the arsenic zone of Cambodia had double the new guidelines of 100 µg/kg inorganic arsenic for children's food in the EU and USA. The combination of deficiencies of essential micronutrients like zinc and pervasive presence of arsenic and mercury has the potential to compromise the immunity of many Cambodians.