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2021-05-02

Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), reliable diagnostics are absolutely indispensable. Molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics based on nucleic acids (NA) derived from oro- or nasopharyngeal swabs constitute the current gold standard. Given the importance of test results, it is crucial to assess the quality of the underlying swab samples and NA extraction procedures. We determined NA concentrations in clinical samples used for SARS-CoV-2 testing applying an NA-specific dye. In comparison to cut-offs defined by SARS-CoV-2-positive samples, internal positive controls, and references from a federal laboratory, 90.85% (923 of 1016) of swabs contained NA concentrations enabling SARS-CoV-2 recognition. Swabs collected by local health authorities and the central emergency department either had significantly higher NA concentrations or were less likely to exhibit insufficient quality, arguing in favor of sampling

2021-04-18

Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Center of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Center of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Electronic address: birte.moehlendick@uk-essen.de.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) plays an important role in the adaptive and innate immune response by inhibiting viral membrane hemifusion between the host and viral cell cytoplasm. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene IFITM3 have been associated with susceptibility and severity of influenza or other viral infections. We aimed to analyze the role of SNPs in the gene IFITM3 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: We performed genotyping of the SNPs rs12252 and rs34481144 in the gene IFITM3 in 239 SARS-CoV-2-positive and 253 SARS-CoV-2-negative patients. We analyzed the association of the SNPs with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients did not differ regarding demographics. Neither IFITM3 rs12252 nor rs34481144 polymorphisms were related to SARS-CoV-2 infection risk or severity of COVID-19. Interestingly, we observed the putative deleterious rs

2021-01-04

We investigated immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among a group of convalescent, potential blood donors in Germany who had PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sixty days after onset of symptoms, 13/78 (17%) study participants had borderline or negative results to an ELISA detecting IgG against the S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed participants with PCR-confirmed infection who had strong antibody responses (ratio >3) as positive controls and participants without symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and without household contact with infected patients as negative controls. Using interferon-γ ELISpot, we observed that 78% of PCR-positive volunteers with undetectable antibodies showed T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We observed a similar frequency (80%) of T-cell immunity in convalescent donors with strong antibody responses but did not detect immunity in negative controls. We concluded that, in convalescent patients with

2021-09-14

Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Approximately half of the SARS-CoV-2 infections occur without apparent symptoms, raising questions regarding long-term humoral immunity in asymptomatic individuals. Plasma levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) against the viral spike or nucleoprotein were determined for 25,091 individuals enrolled in a surveillance program in Wuhan, China. We compared 405 asymptomatic individuals who mounted a detectable antibody response with 459 symptomatic COVID-19 patients. The well-defined duration of the SARS-CoV-2 endemic in Wuhan allowed a side-by-side comparison of antibody responses following symptomatic and asymptomatic infections without subsequent antigen re-exposure. IgM responses rapidly declined in both groups. However, both the prevalence and durability of IgG responses and neutralizing capacities correlated positively with symptoms. Regardless of sex, age, and body weight, asymptomatic individuals lost their SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies more often and rapidly than

2021-07-13

Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Major advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of humoral immunity briefly after the acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, knowledge concerning long-term kinetics of antibody responses in convalescent patients is limited. During a one-year period post symptom onset, we longitudinally collected 162 samples from 76 patients and quantified IgM and IgG antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid (N) protein or the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein (S). After one year, approximately 90% of recovered patients still had detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies recognizing N and RBD-S. Intriguingly, neutralizing activity was only detectable in ~43% of patients. When neutralization tests against the E484K-mutated variant of concern (VOC) B.1.351 (initially identified in South Africa) were performed among patients who neutralize the original virus, the capacity to neutralize was even further diminished to 22.6% of donors. Despite declining N- and

2021-05-02

Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

When patients with chronic kidney disease are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) they can face two specific problems: virus-specific immune responses may be impaired and remdesivir, an antiviral drug described to shorten recovery, is contraindicated. Antiviral treatment with convalescent plasma (CP) could be an alternative treatment option. In this case report, we present two kidney transplant recipients and two hemodialysis patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and received CP. Antibodies against the receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were determined sequentially by immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization assay and specific cellular responses by interferon-gamma ELISpot. Before treatment, in both kidney transplant recipients and one hemodialysis patient antibodies were undetectable by ELISA (ratio < 1.1), corresponding to low neutralizing antibody titers (≤1

2021-03-04

Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Cardiopathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.; Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is challenging the care for cardiovascular patients, resulting in serious consequences with increasing mortality in pre-diseased heart failure patients. In the current state of the pandemic, the physiopathology of COVID-19 affecting pre-diseased hearts and the management of terminal heart failure in COVID-19 patients remain unclear. We outline the findings of a young COVID-19 patient suffering from idiopathic cardiomyopathy who was treated for acute multi-organ failure and required cardiac surgery with implantation of a temporary right ventricular and durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). For deeper translational insights, we used in-depth tissue analysis by electron and light sheet fluorescence microscopy revealing evidence for spatial distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the heart. This indicates that in-depth analysis may represent a valuable tool in understanding indistinct clinical cases. We conclude that

2021-09-08

Institute of Pharmacogenetics.; Department of Nephrology.; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen.; Center for Translational Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne.; Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Aachen.; RWTH Centralized Biomaterial Bank (RWTH cBMB), Medical Faculty.; Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen.; Center of Emergency Medicine.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen.; Department of Nephrology, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne.; Center of Nephrology Mettmann, Mettmann.; Center of Nephrology Mettmann, Mettmann.; Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Aachen.; Center of Emergency Medicine.; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen.; Center for Translational Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne.; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen.; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen.; Department of Nephrology, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne.; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen.; Institute of Pharmacogenetics.; Department of Nephrology.

OBJECTIVES: The RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cell entry is mediated by the human angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). ACE2 and its close homolog angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE) are currently discussed candidate genes, in which single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could alter binding or entry of SARS-CoV-2 and enhance tissue damage in the lung or other organs. This could increase the susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed genotyping of SNPs in the genes ACE2 and ACE in 297 SARS-CoV-2-positive and 253 SARS-CoV-2-negative tested patients. We analyzed the association of the SNPs with susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of COVID-19. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients did not differ regarding demographics and clinical characteristics. For ACE2 rs2285666, the GG genotype

2021-05-10

Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China jialiu77@hust.edu.cn bjwang73@163.com.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.; Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.; Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.; Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China jialiu77@hust.edu.cn bjwang73@163.com.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected over 120 million people and killed over 2.7 million individuals by March 2021. While acute and intermediate interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system have been studied extensively, long-term impacts on the cellular immune system remain to be analyzed. Here, we comprehensively characterized immunological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 49 COVID-19-convalescent individuals (CI) in comparison to 27 matched SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals (UI). Despite recovery from the disease for more than 2 months, CI showed significant decreases in frequencies of invariant NKT and NKT-like cells compared to UI. Concomitant with the decrease in NKT-like cells, an increase in the percentage of annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) double-positive NKT-like cells was detected, suggesting that the reduction in NKT-like cells results from

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